Reconstructing the Concept of Bela Negara: From Excessive Jargon to an Empirical Civic-based Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58764/j.prwkl.2024.2.85Keywords:
bela negara, excessivism, national identity, public participation, civic educationAbstract
The term bela negara (BN) has been widely used in Indonesian national discourse, often associated with state-led campaigns, ideological ceremonies, and symbolic narratives. However, its application has increasingly shown symptoms of conceptual excessivism, overused, abstract, and disconnected from everyday civic life. This article aims to reconstruct BN into a measurable and meaningful framework through an empirical, civic-based approach. By adapting behavioral and marketing evaluation models, such as customer satisfaction index (CSI), servqual, and theory of planned behavior, this paper proposes the model partisipasi bela negara (MPBN). The model offers six key dimensions: public awareness, perceived relevance, emotional engagement, civic intention, real action, and loyalty to the national narrative. These dimensions enable both scholars and policymakers to assess the effectiveness of BN initiatives based on citizen experience and engagement. The model serves as a strategic tool for transforming BN concept into a participatory, democratic, and context-sensitive concept, particularly relevant in today’s digital and pluralistic society. Rather than functioning as a rigid ideological imposition, BN should evolve into an inclusive civic identity that empowers public participation and strengthens national cohesion through trust, value, and meaningful contribution.
References
» click to expand references listAaker, D. (1991). Brand equity. La Gestione Del Valore Della Marca, 347, 356.
Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. Profile Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1355/ae29-2j
Afifi, A. A. (2024). Islamic Moral Ethics: The Foundations for Good Governance, Management, and Civilizational Advancement. Perwakilan: Journal of Good Governance, Diplomacy, Customary Institutionalization and Social Networks, 2, 65-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58764/j.prwkl.2024.2.84
Afifi, A. A., & Abbas, A. F. (2023). Islam, Wacana Negara dan Geliat Politik di Indonesia. Perwakilan: Journal of Good Governance, Diplomacy, Customary Institutionalization and Social Networks, 1, 1-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58764/j.prwkl.2023.1.37
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Alford, J. (2014). The multiple facets of co-production: Building on the work of Elinor Ostrom. Public Management Review, 16(3), 299-316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2013.806578
Aminuddin, M. F. (2012). Branding Indonesia: Kebijakan Negara dan Resistensi Warga dalam Revitalisasi Budaya Nasional. Interaktif, 3(2), 243219.
Anderson, E. W., & Fornell, C. (2000). Foundations of the American customer satisfaction index. Total Quality Management, 11(7), 869-882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09544120050135425
Anholt, S. (2011). Beyond the nation brand: The role of image and identity in international relations. In Brands and branding geographies. Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857930842.00027
Bennett, W. L., Wells, C., & Freelon, D. G. (2009). Communicating citizenship online: Models of civic learning in the youth web sphere. A Report from the Civic Learning Online Project.
Bintang, A. R., Hasibuan, R. P., Fadhel, M., Sabri, A., & Hidayatullah, R. (2024). Strategi Pendidikan Inovatif Untuk Keterampilan Global Dalam Konteks Generasi Emas 2045. Journal of Regional Development and Technology Initiatives, 2, 49-61. https://doi.org/10.58764/j.jrdti.2024.2.65 DOI: https://doi.org/10.58764/j.jrdti.2024.2.65
Boone Jr, H. N., & Boone, D. A. (2012). Analyzing likert data. The Journal of Extension, 50(2), 48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34068/joe.50.02.48
Brader, T. (2020). Campaigning for hearts and minds: How emotional appeals in political ads work. University of Chicago Press.
Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford university press.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(1).
Dahan, N. M., Doh, J. P., Oetzel, J., & Yaziji, M. (2010). Corporate-NGO Collaboration: Co-creating New Business Models for Developing Markets. Long Range Planning, 43(2), 326-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.11.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2009.11.003
Eliza, M., Afifi, A. A., Arifin, N. A., & Azami, E. (2024). Digital Learning Co-Creation: A Conceptual Study between University and Learning Hub in Underdeveloped Urban Areas. Journal of Regional Development and Technology Initiatives, 2, 119-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58764/j.jrdti.2024.2.11
Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203697078
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Psychology press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838020
Gredinand, D. (2017). Penerapan pendidikan bela negara di perguruan tinggi. Strategi Pertahanan Darat (JSPD).
Hajer, M. A. (2009). Authoritative governance: Policy making in the age of mediatization. Oxford University Press, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281671.001.0001
Irfani, A. (2016). Nasionalisme bangsa dan melunturnya semangat bela negara. Jurnal Al-Hikmah, 10(2), 135-145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24260/al-hikmah.v10i2.613
Isin, E. F., & Nielsen, G. M. (2008). Acts of citizenship. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Juwita, M. (2022). Pentingnya peran mahasiswa dalam bela negara. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/3edyq
Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2003). Strategy maps: Converting intangible assets into tangible outcomes. Harvard Business Press.
Kemenhan RI. (2022). Peraturan Menteri Pertahanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 2022 tentang Pembinaan Kesadaran Bela Negara.
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1992). Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology. Organization Science, 3(3), 383-397. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.3.3.383 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.3.3.383
Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., Brady, M., Goodman, M., & Hansen, T. (2016). Marketing Management 3rd edn PDF eBook. Pearson Higher Ed.
Kurniawan, D., & Afifi, A. A. (2024). Moderasi Beragama: Menangkal Islamophobia Melalui Revitalisasi Media Sosial. AL-IMAM: Journal on Islamic Studies, Civilization and Learning Societies, 5, 25-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58764/j.im.2024.5.58
Lilleker, D. G. (2015). Interactivity and Political Communication: hypermedia campaigning in the UK. Comunicacao Publica, 10(18). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/cp.1038
McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail's mass communication theory. Sage publications.
Nakauchi, M., Washburn, M., & Klein, K. (2017). Differences between inter- and intra-group dynamics in knowledge transfer processes. Management Decision, 55(4), 766-782. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-08-2016-0537 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-08-2016-0537
Norris, P. (2011). Democratic deficit: Critical citizens revisited. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511973383
Nutley, S. M., Walter, I., & Davies, H. T. O. (2007). Using Evidence: How Research Can Inform Public Services. The Policy Press Bristol. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56687/9781847422323
Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. Public affairs.
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). Servqual: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perc. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12.
Pemerintah RI. Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2002 tentang Pertahanan Negara. , (2002).
Prasetya, H. (2021). Upaya Bela Negara Generasi Z Berbasis Pengembangan Media Sosial. Jurnal Kebangsaan, 1(2), 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31315/jpbn.v1i1.4382
Puspitasari, S. (2021). Pentingnya realisasi bela negara terhadap generasi muda sebagai bentuk cinta tanah air. Indonesian Journal of Sociology, Education, and Development, 3(1), 72-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52483/ijsed.v3i1.43
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon and schuster. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/358916.361990
Rahayu, M., Farida, R., & Apriana, A. (2019). Kesadaran Bela Negara Pada Mahasiswa. Epigram, 16(2), 175-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32722/epi.v16i2.2232
Rizky, W. A., Tsaqila, D. Q., & Nelwati, S. (2024). Civic Education as Strategies to Strengthen the National Identity of Indonesian Students. Perwakilan: Journal of Good Governance, Diplomacy, Customary Institutionalization and Social Networks, 2, 29-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58764/j.prwkl.2024.2.69
Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. Routledge.
Servaes, J. (2008). Communication for development approaches of some governmental and non-governmental agencies. In Communication for development and social change (pp. 201-218). SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9788132108474.n10
Subagyo, A. (2014). Bela Negara. Jakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Suparman, O., & Saloko, A. (2018). Konsep Belajar Contextual Teaching and Learning Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Menggunakan Model Project Citizen. Prosiding Seminar Nasional PPKn 2018 "Seminar Nasional Penguatan Nilai-Nilai Kebangsaan Melalui Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Persekolahan Dan Kemasyarakatan", 1-14.
Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Penguin.
Westheimer, J., & Kahne, J. (2004). What kind of citizen? The politics of educating for democracy. American Educational Research Journal, 41(2), 237-269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312041002237
Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean. Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446270073
Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a means-end model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of Marketing, 52(3), 2-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200302
Downloads
-
PDF
views: 349
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdullah A Afifi, Andriyaldi, Hanief Adrian
