Eksploitasi Wajah Publik Figur oleh Platform AI sebagai Bentuk Unjust Enrichment: Telaah Yuridis dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58764/j.im.2026.7.204Kata Kunci:
unjust enrichment, wajah publik figure, kecerdasan artifisial generative, pertanggungjawaban hukum platform, keadilan distributifAbstrak
Transformasi wajah publik figur menjadi komoditas digital dalam ekosistem AI generatif menyisakan persoalan hukum yang belum terjawab tuntas: siapa yang berhak atas nilai ekonomi yang diekstraksi dari citra seseorang ketika platform mereplikasi dan memonetisasinya tanpa persetujuan yang bermakna. Kesenjangan ini menjadi titik tolak kajian atas kedudukan wajah publik figur sebagai aset bernilai ekonomi dalam sistem hukum Indonesia, sekaligus upaya menilai apakah praktik pemanfaatannya oleh platform AI dapat dikonstruksikan sebagai pengayaan tanpa hak (unjust enrichment) dan bagaimana pertanggungjawaban hukum semestinya dibebankan kepada pihak platform. Melalui penelitian hukum normatif yang menempatkan UU Hak Cipta, UU ITE, UU Perlindungan Data Pribadi, dan Pasal 1365 KUHPerdata sebagai basis analisis, ditelusuri pula sejauh mana penafsiran sistematis dan teleologis terhadap norma-norma tersebut mampu menjangkau fenomena eksploitasi wajah yang berlangsung secara algoritmik. Wajah publik figur, dalam temuan kajian ini, telah bergeser dari sekadar penanda identitas menjadi modal tak berwujud yang menopang valuasi platform, sementara rezim hukum yang ada justru terpecah dan tidak saling menutupi: hak cipta menolak mengakui wajah sebagai ciptaan, dan perlindungan data pribadi lebih berorientasi privasi ketimbang nilai ekonomi. Ketimpangan inilah yang membuat keempat unsur unjust enrichment, pengayaan, kerugian, kausalitas, dan absennya dasar hukum, terpenuhi sekaligus berpotensi dikualifikasikan sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum menurut Pasal 1365 KUHPerdata. Kajian ini menawarkan model pertanggungjawaban berlapis: restitusi keuntungan, kompensasi, transparansi dataset, dan consent eksplisit, dengan kebaruan pada penempatan unjust enrichment sebagai kerangka keadilan distributif untuk merespons eksploitasi identitas oleh AI generatif, ranah yang masih jarang disentuh literatur hukum Indonesia.
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Referensi
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